<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" version="2.0"><channel><atom:link rel="hub" href="http://tumblr.superfeedr.com/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"/><description>Information is not knowledge. Knowledge is not wisdom. Wisdom is not truth. Truth is not beauty. Beauty is not love. Love is not music. Music is the best
While i try to cover most of the randomness of life and death, i also focus on some issues that attract me the most; such as the big diversity in the human and natural world -wich in the end are the same thing-, society with its complexity and  flaws, the stars and beyond, science, movies -specially the ones that resemble this things-, literature, anime, photography and humor, the best gift humanity had achieved.

 But, above all, CATS. </description><title>The Grand Wazoo</title><generator>Tumblr (3.0; @lafranelea)</generator><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/</link><item><title>Photo</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/65117e9b77c7d8babcf72d1761ab9949/tumblr_mi6lguJKxA1s3c16so1_500.png"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51082383451</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51082383451</guid><pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2013 15:12:20 -0300</pubDate></item><item><title>What they sell / What you buyWhat we pay</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/e26e08dfe3f52a932d55f7bf5e41e04d/tumblr_mmwg1pJx7Z1qkags5o1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;What they sell / What you buy&lt;br/&gt;What we pay&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51031578781</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51031578781</guid><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 21:48:33 -0300</pubDate><category>smog</category><category>cars</category><category>contamination</category><category>cliamte change</category></item><item><title>Do you feel powerless? Would you like to take your frustrations...</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/eb15efcb83da2a95fba4ee6649534234/tumblr_mmwfyqd5Bj1qkags5o1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Do you feel powerless? Would you like to take your frustrations out by beating on total strangers? Would you like to take advantage of hot women who can’t resist authority figures? Would you like to watch the comic reactions of those who’ve just been Tazed? Would you like to make decent money legally, with an opportunity to pocket illicit, untaxed funds or confiscated drugs on the side?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span&gt;If any&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt; of this sounds attractive, and you exist on fast food anyway, do not value long relationships, and don’t mind dying prematurely from heart problems brought on by long periods of inactivity, interspersed with brief episodes of high stress, you may want to consider a career in law enforcement. Call your local recruiter today.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;By Banksy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51021333722</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51021333722</guid><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 19:36:33 -0300</pubDate><category>banksy+police</category></item><item><title>Photo</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/f901e93b374f0b24a1725c50afab072a/tumblr_mmrse2oEHI1s4cblyo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51011137675</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51011137675</guid><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 17:25:00 -0300</pubDate></item><item><title>Photo</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/ce7134d6701f5b6dedb651551470b58a/tumblr_mmtlndc3uw1qa4karo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51002129315</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/51002129315</guid><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 15:12:25 -0300</pubDate><category>birds</category><category>comics</category><category>webcomics</category><category>Crimes Against Hugh's Manatees</category><category>cartoons</category><category>comic strip</category></item><item><title>wordmeds:

it is the bull that burns the fire.</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/dd983cab6fc2b2df63ebba1b3388d09a/tumblr_mms1b3h43F1s81qjoo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/3d1ef614a4cdc25a69c999e1ab3d3e8d/tumblr_mms1b3h43F1s81qjoo2_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://wordmeds.la/post/50428316050/it-is-the-bull-that-burns-the-fire" class="tumblr_blog"&gt;wordmeds&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;it is the bull that burns the fire.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50950374187</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50950374187</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2013 21:48:18 -0300</pubDate><category>Buk Tuesday</category><category>Bukowski</category><category>Burning in Water Drowning in Flame</category><category>poetry</category><category>side of the sun</category></item><item><title>heres2nevergrowingup:

Marvel &amp; Star Wars
</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/bfb81fdd9d016c7dbe248d35653c8689/tumblr_mmkyrqto8q1r3ayppo3_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/3b18e47f7ce6ba3c61df185e82743645/tumblr_mmkyrqto8q1r3ayppo6_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/05e81f56152498d1a0a9cd3d677bc6d0/tumblr_mmkyrqto8q1r3ayppo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/4e99632375ecd7a25781b3672a44469c/tumblr_mmkyrqto8q1r3ayppo2_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/49ecb996b4c3b2526e0902f394bed8ac/tumblr_mmkyrqto8q1r3ayppo5_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/615ee7571bcf3cda4952c5b3078b25f6/tumblr_mmkyrqto8q1r3ayppo4_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://heres2nevergrowingup.tumblr.com/post/50083163717/marvel-star-wars"&gt;heres2nevergrowingup&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Marvel &amp; Star Wars&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50940199380</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50940199380</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2013 19:36:20 -0300</pubDate><category>marvel vs star wars</category></item><item><title>Photo</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/8cf7a0250ef74b00b6fd268d3ab74583/tumblr_mmpbshVNt11qjb7j8o1_400.gif"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/1d93c55f6aed1d66deb4862a74a497e3/tumblr_mmpbshVNt11qjb7j8o2_400.gif"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/48183fd6dee4223a7302a4aee579126f/tumblr_mmpbshVNt11qjb7j8o3_400.gif"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/c33ec0b80da3f0409d2e8911b6b96ad4/tumblr_mmpbshVNt11qjb7j8o4_400.gif"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50929788951</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50929788951</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2013 17:24:14 -0300</pubDate><category>fbi</category><category>piracy</category><category>lol</category></item><item><title>
An 8-year-old’s homework.
</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/79e368c20a63a3629b0c0fe846def214/tumblr_mmjqwx7nqL1qzcv7no1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An 8-year-old’s homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50920615818</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50920615818</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2013 15:12:16 -0300</pubDate><category>homework</category><category>island alone</category><category>nice answer kiddo</category></item><item><title>Photo</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/1cd7ce86a054aa1f35c9663723da566a/tumblr_mms83qJgBf1qjnhqgo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50867791984</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50867791984</guid><pubDate>Sun, 19 May 2013 21:48:29 -0300</pubDate><category>homo vs hetero</category><category>matt groening being awesome</category><category>why the new simpsons why</category></item><item><title>Photo</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/2e470959d3c1c1657855ac8c94512d3d/tumblr_mmech7r1uC1qf24ngo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50858006352</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50858006352</guid><pubDate>Sun, 19 May 2013 19:36:31 -0300</pubDate><category>barbie</category><category>alien</category></item><item><title>we-are-star-stuff:

applepiesfromscratch:

Cost of the Mars...</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/307df24856e38e89eba9ab6527c6779b/tumblr_mlq7iwkyyM1rc5hfyo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://we-are-star-stuff.tumblr.com/post/48806623660/applepiesfromscratch-cost-of-the-mars-curiosity"&gt;we-are-star-stuff&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://applepiesfromscratch.tumblr.com/post/48717112771/cost-of-the-mars-curiosity-rover-800-million"&gt;applepiesfromscratch&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cost of the Mars Curiosity Rover - $800 million&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cost of a team to operate the Mars Rover - $1 billion&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Total Cost of the Mars Science Laboratory mission - $2.5 billion&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Accidentally drawing a penis on the surface of another planet - Priceless&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://oi37.tinypic.com/2qmf87k.jpg"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50847369893</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50847369893</guid><pubDate>Sun, 19 May 2013 17:24:31 -0300</pubDate><category>mars rovers</category><category>penis</category><category>space</category><category>wtf</category></item><item><title>nevver:

Happiness vs. Money
</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/e2db7ac61e9fb7578bebd704d72634c3/tumblr_mmr0pyG6gb1qz6f9yo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://thisisnthappiness.com/post/50353463766/happiness-vs-money"&gt;nevver&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2013/05/13/how-to-worry-less-about-money/"&gt;Happiness vs. Money&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50836734360</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50836734360</guid><pubDate>Sun, 19 May 2013 15:12:30 -0300</pubDate><category>happiness</category><category>money</category></item><item><title>Photo</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/68301756b398808768442989a9c44462/tumblr_mmsp8kYq0s1qkags5o1_500.png"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50772480200</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50772480200</guid><pubDate>Sat, 18 May 2013 21:48:25 -0300</pubDate><category>charles bukowski</category><category>genius of the crowd</category></item><item><title>wordmeds:

Buk Tuesday.</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/285576856c70e044037b26aa6ac4997c/tumblr_mms1d3WtNv1s81qjoo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://wordmeds.la/post/50419803433/buk-tuesday" class="tumblr_blog"&gt;wordmeds&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buk Tuesday.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50763768568</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50763768568</guid><pubDate>Sat, 18 May 2013 19:36:26 -0300</pubDate><category>Buk Tuesday</category><category>what matters most is how well you walk through the fire</category><category>poetry</category></item><item><title>Photo</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_md3excrC9S1r231cwo1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50754207369</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50754207369</guid><pubDate>Sat, 18 May 2013 17:24:24 -0300</pubDate><category>bukowski</category><category>art</category></item><item><title>ginzilla:

Charles Bukowski Morning</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lxql2tYLJH1qh731jo1_400.png"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://meetginzilla.com/post/15771935562" class="tumblr_blog"&gt;ginzilla&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Charles Bukowski Morning&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50744843814</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50744843814</guid><pubDate>Sat, 18 May 2013 15:12:25 -0300</pubDate><category>charles bukowski</category><category>quotes</category><category>bukowski comic</category></item><item><title>ladyfabulous:

amusealittlemuse:

leonsballs:

 

pkmnbreederbria...</title><description>&lt;img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/cf8944c67ee5ffae123538556f511380/tumblr_mj8c7st55G1qdlh1io1_400.gif"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://ladyfabulous.tumblr.com/post/49753252554/amusealittlemuse-leonsballs"&gt;ladyfabulous&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://amusealittlemuse.tumblr.com/post/49730139139/leonsballs-pkmnbreederbrianna"&gt;amusealittlemuse&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://leonsballs.tumblr.com/post/49729086234/pkmnbreederbrianna-togamijail"&gt;leonsballs&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://pizzalecki.tumblr.com/post/49709774646/pkmnbreederbrianna-togamijail-chandra75"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://pkmnbreederbrianna.tumblr.com/post/49706298557/togamijail-chandra75"&gt;pkmnbreederbrianna&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://togamijail.tumblr.com/post/45416419457/chandra75-im-sherlocked-in-my-mindpalace"&gt;togamijail&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://chandra75.tumblr.com/post/45356397958/im-sherlocked-in-my-mindpalace"&gt;chandra75&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://im-sherlocked-in-my-mindpalace.tumblr.com/post/44760795193/cheetah-licks-photographer"&gt;im-sherlocked-in-my-mindpalace&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://socially-awkward-supervillian.tumblr.com/post/44736134479/cheetah-licks-photographer"&gt;socially-awkward-supervillian&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fun fact: Cheetahs only attack pray that runs&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;jesus that is good to know.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Yup, that’s the point you just stay still and let it do whatever the fuck it wants that doesn’t involved you getting eaten. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;REALLY FUN FACT for big cats cheetahs are fucking docile as shit&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;my grandfather ran a cheetah sanctuary in south africa and he’d just lie with them and sleep among them and they’d rub against him and chirp at him they’re big fucking babies&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Another Fun Fact: Cheetah’s are incredibly nervous animals. One of the (many) reason’s they’re going extinct is that cheetah’s are so sensitive and nervous, some of them are literally too nervous to breed. Other’s will breed, but stress themselves out so much, they’ll loose their cubs. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;So zoo’s with breeding program’s had to figure out how to make Cheetah’s comfortable enough to first of all, get laid and secondly - not spazz themselves into miscarrying.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;So what’d they do? &lt;br/&gt;They gave the cheetah’s their very own Service Dogs!&lt;br/&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://i.huffpost.com/gen/987351/thumbs/r-DOGS-CHEETAHS-large570.jpg?6"/&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://images.mnn.com/sites/default/files/editorial/cheetah_main.jpg"/&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://dogblog.dogstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Dog-and-cheetah.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;The dogs make them feel safe, protected and secure!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thats fucking adorable as hell&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;U so cute cheetahs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50690502628</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50690502628</guid><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 21:48:18 -0300</pubDate></item><item><title>"For the last three decades many Americans have puzzled over a system that gives an R to a movie in..."</title><description>““For the last three decades many Americans have puzzled over a system that gives an R to a movie in which a women is carved up by a chainsaw and an NC-17 to one that shows a woman sexually pleasured. From such ratings one might conclude that sexual violence against women is OK for American teenagers to see, but that they must be 18 to see consensual sex. What message does this send to the kids the MPAA presumably means to protect?””&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; - &lt;em&gt;&lt;p class="western"&gt;Carrie Rickey&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(via &lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://fireworkselectricbright.tumblr.com/"&gt;fireworkselectricbright&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“You have to question a cinematic culture which preaches artistic expression, and yet would support a decision that is clearly a product of a patriarchy-dominant society, which tries to control how women are depicted on screen. The MPAA is okay supporting scenes that portray women in scenarios of sexual torture and violence for entertainment purposes, but they are trying to force us to look away from a scene that shows a woman in a sexual scenario which is both complicit and complex. It’s misogynistic in nature to try and control a woman’s sexual presentation of self. I consider this an issue that is bigger than this film.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-Ryan Gosling on the controversy around the rating of his film &lt;em&gt;‘Blue Valentine’&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(via &lt;a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://misandry-mermaid.tumblr.com/"&gt;misandry-mermaid&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50681701459</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50681701459</guid><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 19:36:24 -0300</pubDate></item><item><title>we-are-star-stuff:

Who says North is up?
Upside Down maps (also...</title><description>&lt;img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/5c6a82486bc92221605a3f906646bf18/tumblr_mmntl4XMit1qcbrp0o1_500.jpg"/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://we-are-star-stuff.tumblr.com/post/50356958393/who-says-north-is-up-upside-down-maps-also" class="tumblr_blog"&gt;we-are-star-stuff&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Who says North is up?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Upside Down maps (also known as South-Up or Reversed maps) offer a completely different perspective of the world we live in.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Technically speaking, even referring to the earth with words like “up” or “down” or comparing places with words “above” or “below” is flawed, considering that the earth is a spherical body (it’s actually slightly “fatter” at the equator) and flying through 3 dimensional space with no reference of up or down. &lt;span&gt;However, the issue of “up” and “down” does become an issue when viewing the surface of the earth projected onto a flat piece of paper (a map). And the effect of the orientation of a map is more significant than you might realize.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As all maps require orientation for reference, the issue of how to layout the map orientation is as old as maps themselves. As map orientation is completely arbitrary, it is not surprising that they differed throughout time periods and regions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The convention of North-up is usually attributed to the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (90-168 AD). Justifications for his north-up approach vary. &lt;span&gt;In the middle ages, East was often placed at top. This is the origin of the term “The Orient” to refer to East Asia. During the age of exploration, European cartographers again followed the north-up convention…perhaps because the North Star was their fixed reference point for navigation, or because they wanted (subconsciously or otherwise) to ensure Europe’s claim at the top of the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In modern times, reversed maps are made as a learning device or to illustrate Northern Hemisphere bias. Different from simply turning a north-up map upside down, a reversed map has the text oriented to be read with south up.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The famous “&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble"&gt;Blue Marble&lt;/a&gt;” photograph of the Earth taken from on board Apollo 17 was originally oriented with the south pole at the top, with the island of Madagascar visible just left of center, and the continent of Africa at its right. However, the image was turned upside-down to fit the traditional view.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While the orientation of a map might seem harmless, it can have a significant effect on one’s perception of the world, and the relative importance of the different place in it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In speech, we &lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Cr6SYy9JV84/UNDpN2Zpt2I/AAAAAAAAAQM/RNwoUembELQ/s640/mafalda.jpg"&gt;often&lt;/a&gt; refer to places being “above” or “below” others. Think of how you would say you’re about to travel to the state or country to your north or south (to go “down” to Kentucky from Indiana, or “up” to Canada from the US). Without even mentioning geography, ask any grade school student whether Mexico is “above” or “below” the United States. We’re all familiar with the “land down under”. As we often correlate importance to relative height (think how a citizens of a country will fly their flag higher than all other flags), the north-up convention reinforces the idea that northern bodies are more important than their southern neighbors. Suddenly, traveling “down” to the South might have an inference much deeper than geographic location.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;After looking at the map more closely, you may realize that the South-Up orientation may change your perception of the relative status of different places. For example, South America suddenly looks to have more prominence, and Africa and the Middle East completely dwarf Europe. Likewise, tucking Northern Europe, Canada, and Russia away at the bottom of the map, subconsciously takes away their status.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;To summarize, unconditionally accepting the north-up map convention without at least appreciating the effect stands at odds with viewing all people and places within the world equally.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_map"&gt;x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.upside-down-maps.com/about.html"&gt;x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description><link>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50672399399</link><guid>http://lafranelea.tumblr.com/post/50672399399</guid><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 17:24:27 -0300</pubDate><category>maps</category><category>orientation</category><category>bias</category></item></channel></rss>
